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A Survey on Botnets with Cryptography

Abstract.

 As technology has been developed, the network of bot, botnet, has been huge matter in computer science society. Most botnet causes network security threats and they are based on C&C server such as IRC, HTTP common protocol [1] and recently botnet also constructs P2P connection and the bot’s characteristics and activities are all different according to the structure of  botnet. That is why the existed research is numerous, too, and it is beneficial to categorize and to classify defense mechanism of bot. The bot activities result in a lot of negative effects such as DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) and  Spamming. The mechanisms for bot detection and defenses can be categorized into C&C based bot detection and P2P based bot detection. A vital aspect of botnet administration is the authenticity and integrity of commands. Asymmetric cryptography offers a simple, yet effective way to do this and the methodology is discussed here.

Keywords: botnet, bot detection, P2P bot, C&C bot ,cryptography

 1. INTRODUCTION

The untraceable feature of coordinated attacks is just what hackers/attackers demand to compromise a computer or a network for their illegal purposes. Once a group of hosts with different locations are controlled by a malicious individual or organization to initiate an attack, one can hardly trace back the origins due to the complexity of the Internet. For this reason, the increase of events and threat against legitimate Internet activities such as information leakage, click fraud, denial of service (DoS) attack, and E-mail spam, etc., have become very serious problems nowadays[1]. Those victims controlled by coordinated attackers are called zombies, or bots which derives from the word “robotâ€. The term of bots is commonly referred to software applications running automated tasks over the Internet [2]. Under such a command and control (C2, or C&C) infrastructure, a group of bots are able to form a self-propagating, self-organizing, and autonomous framework, named botnet [3]. Generally, to compromise a series of systems, the botnet’s master (also called as herder or perpetrator) will remotely control bots to install worms, Trojan horses, or backdoors on them [3]. The majority of those victims are running Microsoft Windows operating system [3]. The process of stealing hosts resources to consist a botnet is so called “scrumping†[3].

Botnets  can be classified into two major categories based on their topologies [4]. One typical and the most common type is Internet Relay Chat (IRC) based botnets. Because of its centralized architecture, researchers have designed some feasible countermeasures to detect and destroy such botnets [5, 6]. Hence, newer and more sophisticated hackers/attackers start to use Peer to Peer (P2P) technologies in botnets [4,7]. P2P botnets are distributed and do not have central point of failure. Comparing to IRC-based botnets, they are more difficult to detect and take down [4]. Besides, most of its existing studies are still in the analysis phase [4, 7].

 The organization of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, botnet  classification is given.Section 3 describes the relevant attacks. Section 4 elaborates the detection and tracing mechanisms. Preventive measures are given in Section 5. The conclusion and future challenges are shown in Section 6.

 2. CLASSIFICATION

Botnets are emerging threats with billions’ hosts worldwide infected. Bots can spread over thousands of computers at a very high speed like worms do. Unlike worms, bots in a botnet are able to cooperate towards a common malicious purpose. For that reason, botnets nowadays play a very important role in the Internet malware epidemic [16]. In [19] the W. T. Strayer et al. presented some metrics by flow analysis on detecting botnets. After filtering IRC session out of the traffic, flow based methods were applied to discriminate malicious from benign IRC channels. The methods proposed by [20] and [21] combined both application and network layer analysis. E. Cooke et al. [22] dealt with IRC activities at the application layer, using information coming from the monitoring of network activities. Some authors had introduced machine learning techniques into botnet detection [23], since they led a better way to characterize botnets. Currently, honeynets and Intrusion Detection System (IDS) are two major techniques to prevent their attacks. Honeynets can be deployed in both distributed and local context [9]. They are capable of providing botnet attacking information, but can not tell the details like whether the victim has a certain worm [9]. The IDS uses the signatures or behavior of existing botnet for references to detect potential attack. Thus, to summarize the characteristics of botnet is significant for a secure network. To the best of our knowledge, we have not found any other work about anomaly-based detection for botnet.

 2.1 Formation and Exploitation

To illustrate the formation and exploitation, we take spamming botnet as an example. A typical formation of botnet can be described as following steps [3],

1) The perpetrator of botnet sends out worms or viruses to infect victims’ machines, whose payload are bots.

2) The bots on the infected hosts log into an IRC server or other communications medium, forming a botnet.

3) Spammer makes payment to the owner of this botnet to gain the access right.

4) Spammer sends commands to this botnet to order the bots to send out spam.

5) The infected hosts send the spam messages to various mail servers in the Internet.

 2.2  IRC-based Bot

IRC is a protocol for text based instant messaging among people connected with the Internet. It is based on Client/Server (C/S) model but suited for distributed environment as well [18]. Typical IRC severs are interconnected and pass messages from one to another [18]. One can connect with hundreds of clients via multiple servers. It is so called multiple IRC (mIRC), in which communications among clients and server are pushed to those who are connected to the channel. The functions of IRC based bots include managing access lists, moving files, sharing clients, sharing channel information, and so on [18].

• Bot: is typically an executable file triggered by a specific command from the IRC sever. Once a bot is installed on a victim host, it will make a copy into a configurable directory and let the malicious program to start with operating system. Generally, bots are just the payload of worms or the way to open a backdoor [18].

• Control channel: is a secured IRC channel set up by the attacker to manage all the bots.

• IRC Server: may be a compromised machine or even a legitimate provider for public service.

• Attacker: is the one who control the IRC bot attack.

The attacker’s operations have four stages [16]:

1) Creation Stage, where the attacker may add malicious code or just modify an existing one out of numerous highly configurable bots over the Internet [16].

2) Configuration Stage, where the IRC server and channel information can be collected [16]. As long as the bot is installed on the victim, it will automatically connect to the selected host [16]. Then, the attacker may restrict the access and secure the channel to the bots for business or some other purpose [16]. For example, the attacker is able to provide a list of bots for authorized users who want to further customize and use them for their own purpose.

3) Infection Stage, where bots are propagated by various direct and indirect means [16]. As the name implies, direct techniques exploit vulnerabilities of the services or operating systems, and are usually associated with the use of viruses [16]. While the vulnerable systems are compromised, they continue the infection process such that saving the time of  attacker to add other victims [16]. The most vulnerable systems are Windows 2000 and XP SP1, where the attacker can easily find unpatched or unsecured (e.g., without firewall) hosts[16]. By contrary, indirect approaches use other programs as a proxy to spread bots, e.g., using distributed malware through DCC (Direct Client-to-Client) file exchange on IRC or P2P networks to exploit the vulnerabilities of target machines [16].

4) Control Stage, where the attacker can send the instructions to a group of bots via IRC channel to do some malicious tasks.

 2.3  P2P-based Bot

Few papers focus on P2P-based bot so far [4, 24-29, 46]. It is still a challenging issue. In fact, using P2P adhoc network to control victim hosts is not a novel technique [26].P2P communication system is much harder to disrupt. This means that the compromise of a single bot does not necessarily mean the loss of the entire botnet. However, the design of P2P systems are more complex and there are typically no guarantees on messages delivery or latency. A worm with a P2P fashion, named Slapper [27], infected Linux system by DoS attack in 2002. It used hypothetical clients to send commands to compromised hosts and receive responses from them [27]. Thereby, its network location could be anonymous and hardly be monitored [27]. One year after, another P2P-based bot appeared, called Dubbed Sinit [28]. It used public key cryptography for update authentication. Later, in 2004, Phatbot [29] was created to send commands to other compromised hosts using a P2P system. Currently, Storm Worm [24] may be the most wide-spread P2P bot over the Internet. T. Holz et al. have analyzed it using binary and network tracing [24]. Besides, they also proposed some techniques to disrupt the communication of P2P-based botnet, such as eclipsing content and polluting the file.

Nevertheless, the above P2P-based bots are not mature and have many weaknesses. Many P2P networks have a central server or a seed list of peers who can be contacted for adding a new peer. This process named bootstrap has a single point of failure for aP2P-based botnet [25]. For this reason, authors in [25] presented a specific hybrid P2P botnet to overcome this problem.

 2.4  Types of Bots

Many types of bots in the network have already been discovered and studied [9, 16, 17]. Table I will present several widespread and well-known bots, together with their basic features.

Types

Features

Agobot

Phatbot

Forbot

Xtrembot

1. They are so prevalent that over 500 variants exist in the Internet today. Agobot is the only bot that can use other                 control protocols besides IRC [9]. It offers various approaches to hide bots on the compromised hosts,including NTFS Alternate Data Stream, Polymorphic

Encryptor Engine and Antivirus Killer [16].

SDBot

RBot

UrBot

UrXBot

SDBot is the basis of the other three bots and probably many more [9]. Different from Agobot, its code is unclear and only has limited functions. Even so, this group of bots is still widely used in the Internet [16].

SpyBot

NetBIOS

Kuang

Netdevil

KaZaa

There are hundreds of variants of SpyBot nowadays [17]. Most of their C2 frameworks appear to be shared with or evolved from SDBot [17]. But it doesn’t provide accountability or conceal their malicious purpose in codebase [17].

mIRC-based

GT-Bots

GT (Global Threat) bot is mIRC-based bot. It enables a mIRC chat-client based on a set of binaries (mainly DLLs) and scripts [16]. It often hides the application window in

compromised hosts to make mIRC invisible to the user [9].

DSNX Bots

The DSNX (Data Spy Network X) bot has a convenient plug-in interface for adding a new function [16]. Albeit the default version does not meet the requirement of spreaders, plugins can help to address this problem [9].

Q8 Bots

It is designed for Unix/Linux OS with the common features of a bot, such as dynamic HTTP updating, various DDoS-attacks, execution of arbitrary commands etc. [9].

Kaiten

It is quite similar to Q8 Bots due to the same runtime environment and lacking of spreader as well. Kaiten has an easy remote shell, thus it is convenient to check further

vulnerabilities via IRC [9].

Perl-Based Bots

Many variants written on Perl nowadays [9]. They are so small that only have a few hundred lines of the bots code [9]. Thus, limited fundamental commands are available for attacks, especially for DDoS-attacks in Unix-based systems [9].

 

3. BOTNET ATTACKS

Botnets can serve both legitimate and illegitimate purposes [6]. One legitimate purpose is to support the operations of IRC channels using administrative privileges on specific individuals. Nevertheless, such goals do not meet the vast number of bots that we have seen. Based on the wealth of data logged in Honeypots [9], the possibilities to use botnets for criminally motivated or for destructive goals are able to be categorized as follows.

 3.1 DDoS Attacks

Botnets are often used for DDoS attacks [9], which can disable the network services of victim system by consuming its bandwidth. For instance, a perpetrator may order the botnet to connect a victim’s IRC channel at first, and then this target can be flooded by thousands of service requests from the botnet. In this kind of DDoS attack, the victim IRC network is taken down. Evidence reveals that most commonly implemented by botnets are TCP SYN and UDP flooding attacks [30].

General countermeasure against DDoS attacks requires: (1) controlling a large number of compromised machines; (2) disabling the remote control mechanism [30]. However, we still need more efficient ways to avoid this kind of attack. F. C. Freiling et al. [30] have presented an approach to prevent DDoS attack via exploring the hiding bots in Honeypots.

3.2 Spamming and Spreading Malware

About 70% to 90% of the world’s spam is caused by botnets nowadays, which has most experienced in the Internet security industry concerned [47, 49]. Study report indicates that, once the SOCKS v4/v5 proxy (TCP/IP RFC 1928) on compromised hosts is opened by some bots, those machines may be used for nefarious tasks, e.g., spamming. Besides, some bots are able to gather email addresses by some particular functions [9]. Therefore, attackers can use such a botnet to send massive amounts of spam [31]. Researchers in [32] have proposed a distributed content independent spam classification system, called Trinity, against spamming from botnets. The designer assumes that the spamming bots will send a mass of e-mails within a short time. Hence, any letter from such address can be a spam.

In order to discover the aggregate behaviors of spamming botnet and benefit its detection in the future, Y. Xie et al. [33] have designed a spam signature generation framework named AutoRE. They also found several characteristics of spamming botnet: (1) spammer often appends some random and legitimate URLs into the letter to evade detection [33]; (2) botnet IP addresses are usually distributed over many ASes (Autonomous Systems), with only a few participating machines in each AS on average [33]; (3) despite the contents of spam are different, their recipients’ addresses may be similar [33]. How to use these features to capture the botnets and avoid spamming is worth to research in the future. Similarly, botnets can be used to spread malware too[9]. For instance, botnet can launch Witty worm to attack ICQ protocol since the victims’ system may have not activated Internet Security Systems (ISS) services [9].

3.3 Information Leakage

Because some bots may sniff not only the traffic passing by the compromised machines but also the command data within the victims, perpetrators can retrieve sensitive information like usernames and passwords from botnets easily[9]. Evidences indicate that, botnets are becoming more sophisticated at quickly scanning in the host for significant corporate and financial data [47]. Since the bots rarely affect the performance of the running infected systems, they are often out of the surveillance area and hard to be caught. Keylogging is the very solution to the inner attack [9,16]. Such kind of bot listens for keyboard activities and then reports to its master the useful information after filtering the meaningless inputs. This enables the attacker to steal thousands of private information and credential data [16].

3.4 Click Fraud

With the help of botnet, perpetrators are able to install advertisement add-ons and browser helper objects (BHOs) for business purpose[9]. Just like Google’s AdSense program, for the sake of obtaining higher click-through rate (CTR), perpetrators may usebotnets to periodically click on specific hyperlinks and thus promote the CTR artificially [9]. This is also effective to online polls or games [9]. Because each victim’s host owns a unique IP address scattered across the globe, every single click will be regarded as a valid action from a legitimate person.

3.5 Identity Fraud

Identity Fraud, also called as Identity Theft, is a fast growing crime on the Internet [9]. Phishing mail is a typical case. It usually includes legitimate-like URLs and asks the receiver to submit personal or confidential information. Such mails can be generated and sent by a botnet through spamming mechanisms [9]. In a further step, botnets also can set up several fake websites pretending to be an official business sites to harvest victims’ information. Once a fake site is closed by its owner, another one can pop up, until you shut down the computer.

 4. DETECTION AND TRACING

By now, several different approaches of identifying and tracing back botnets have been proposed or attempted. First and the most generally, the use of Honeypots, where a subnet pretends to be compromised by a Trojan, but actually observing the behavior of attackers, was enabling the controlling hosts to be identified[22]. In a relevant case, Freiling et al. [30] have introduced a feasible way to detect certain types of DDoS attacks lunched by the botnet. To begin with, use honeypot and active responders to collect bot binaries. Then, pretend to join the botnet as a compromised machine by running bots on the honeypot and allowing them to access the IRC server. At the end, the botnet is infiltrated by a “silent drone†for information collecting, which may be useful in botnet dismantling. Another and also commonly used method is that, using the information form insiders to track an IRC-based botnet [11]. The third but not the least prevalent approach to detect botnets is probing DNS caches on the network to resolve the IP addresses of the destination servers [11].

 4.1 Honeypot and Honeynet

Honeypots are well-known by their strong ability to detect security threats, collect malwares, and to understand the behaviors and motivations of perpetrators. Honeynet, for monitoring a large-scale diverse network, consists of more than one honeypot on a network. Most of researchers focus on Linux-based honeynet, due to the obvious reason that, compared to any other platform, more freely honeynet tools are available on Linux [6]. As a result, only few tools support the honeypots deployment on Windows and intruders start to proactively dismantle the honeypot.

Some scholars aim at the design of a reactive firewall or related means to prevent multiple compromises of honeypots [6]. While a compromised port is detected by such a firewall, the inbound attacks on it can be blocked [6]. This operation should be carried on covertly to avoid raising suspicions of the attacker. Evidence tells us, we need operate less covert on protection of honeypots against multiple compromises by worms, due to worms are used to detect its presence [6]. Because many intruders download toolkits in a victim immediate aftermath, we should block correspond traffic only selectively. Such toolkits are significant evidences for future analysis. Hence, to some extent, attackers’ access to honeypots should not be prevented very well [6].

As honeypots have become more and more popular in monitoring and in defense systems, intruders begin to seek a way to avoid  evade honeypot traps [34]. There are some feasible techniques to detect honeypots. For instance, to detect VMware or other emulated virtual machines [35,36], or, to detect the responses of program’s faulty in honeypot [37]. In [38], Bethencourt et al. have successfully identified honeypots using intelligent probing according to public report statistics. In addition, Krawetz [39] have presented a commercial spamming tool capable of anti-honeypot function, called “Send-Safe’s Honeypot Hunterâ€. By checking the reply from remote proxy, spammer is able to detect honeypot open proxies [39]. However, this tool cannot effectively detect others except open proxy honeypot. Recently, C.C. Zou et al. [34] have proposed another methodology for honeypot detection based on independent software and hardware. In their paper, they also have introduced an approach to effectively locate and remove infected honeypots using a P2P structured botnet [34]. All above evidences indicate that, in case that botnet becomes invisible to honeypot, the relevant research should be improved.

4.2 IRC-based Detection

IRC-based botnet is wildly studied and therefore several characteristics have been discovered for detection so far. One of the easy ways to detect this kind of botnets is to sniff traffic on common IRC ports (TCP port 6667), and then check whether the payloadsmarch the strings in our knowledge database [22]. Nevertheless, botnets can use random ports to communicate. Therefore, another approach looking for behavioral characteristics of bots comes up. S. Racine [40] found IRC-based bots were often idle and only responded upon receiving a specific instruction. Thus, the connections with such features can be marked as potential enemies. Nevertheless, it still has a high false positive rate in the result.

There are also other methodologies exist for IRC-based botnet detection. Barford et al. [17] proposed some approaches based on the source code analysis. Rajab et al. [11] introduced a modified IRC client called IRC tracker, which was able to connect the IRC sever and reply the queries automatically. Given a template and relevant fingerprint, the IRC tracker could instantiate a new IRC session to the IRC server [11]. In case the bot master could find the real identity of the tracker, it appeared as a powerful and responsive bot on the Internet and run every malicious command, including the responses to the attacker [11]. Following, we will introduce some detection methods against IRC-based botnet.

4.2.1 Detection Based on Traffic Analysis

Signature technology is often used in anomaly detection. The basic idea is to extract feature information on the packets from the traffic and march the patterns registered in the knowledge base of existing bots. Apparently, it is easy to carry on by simply comparing every byte in the packet, but it also goes with several drawbacks [45]. Firstly, it is unable to identify the undefined bots [45]. Second, it should always update the knowledge base with new signatures, which enhances the management cost and reducesthe performance [45]. Third, new bots may launch attacks before they are patched in the knowledge base [45].

Based on the features of IRC, some other techniques to detect botnet come up. Basically, two kinds of actions are involved in a normal IRC communication. One is interactive commands and another is messages exchanging [45]. If we can identify the IRC operation with a specified program, it is possible to detect a botnet attack [45]. For instance, the private information is copied to other place by some IRC commands, we claim the system is under an attack since a normal chatting behavior will never do that [45]. On the other hand, the traffic may be encrypted or be concealed by network noises [21]. Any situation will make the bots invisible.

In [45], authors observed the real traffic on IRC communication ports ranging from 6666 to 6669. They found some IRC clients repeated sending login information while the server refused its connection [45]. Based on the experiment result, they claimed that bots would repeat these actions at certain intervals after refused by the IRC server, and those time intervals are different [45]. However, they did not consider a real IRC-based botnet attack into their experiment. It is a possible future work to extend their achievements.

 In [49], P. Sroufe et al. proposed a different method for botnet detection. Their approach can efficiently and automatically identify spam or bots. The main idea is to extract the shape of the Email (lines and the character count of each line) by applying a Gaussian kernel density estimator [49]. Emails with similar shape are suspected. However, authors did not show the way to detect botnet by using this method. It may be another future work worth to study.

 

4.2.2 Detection Based on Anomaly Activities

In [21], authors proposed an algorithm for anomaly-based botnet detection. It combined IRC mesh features with TCP-based anomaly detection module. It first observed and recorded a large number of TCP packets with respect to IRC hosts. Based on the ratio computed by the total amount of TCP control packets (e.g., SYN, SYNACK, FIN, and RESETS) over total number of TCP packets, it is able to detect some anomaly activities [21]. They called this ratio as the TCP work weight and claimed that high value implied a potential attack by a scanner or worm [21]. However, this mechanism may not work if the IRC commands have been encoded, as the discussion in [21].

 4.3 DNS Tracking

Since bots usually send DNS queries in order to access the C2 servers, if we can intercept their domain names, the botnet traffic is able to be captured by blacklisting the domain names [41, 42]. Actually, it also provides an important secondary avenue to take down botnets by disabling their propagation capability [11]. H. Choi et al. [41] have discussed the features of botnet DNS. According to their analysis, botnets’ DNS queries can be easily distinguished from legitimate ones [41]. First of all, only bots will send DNS queries to the domain of C2 servers, legitimate one never do this [41]. Secondly, botnet’s members act and migrate together simultaneously, as well as their DNS queries [41]. Whereas the legitimate one occurs continuously, vary from botnet [41]. Third, legitimate hosts will not use DDNS very often while botnet usually use DDNS for C2 Server [41]. Based on the above features, they developed an algorithm to identify botnet DNS query [41]. Their main idea is to compute the similarity for group activities and then distinguish the botnet from them based on its value. The similarity value is defined as 0.5 (C/A+C/B), where A and B stand for the size of two requested IP lists which have somecommon IP addresses and the same domain name, and C stands for the size of duplicated IP addresses [41]. If the value approximated zero, such common domain will be suspected [41].

There are also some other approaches. Dagon et al. [42] presented a method by examining the query rates of DDNS domain. Abnormally high rates or temporally concentrated were suspected, since the attackers changed their C2 servers quite often [44]. They utilized both Mahalanobis distance and Chebyshev’s inequality to quantify how anomalous the rate is [44]. Schonewille et al. [43] found that when C2 servers had been taken down, DDNS would often response name error. Hosts who repeatedly did such queries could be infected and thus to be suspected [43]. In [44], authors evaluated the above two methods through experiments on real world. They claimed that, Dagon’s approach was not as effective since it misclassified some C2 server domains with short TTL, while Schonewille’s method was comparative effective due to the suspicious name came from independent individuals [44]. In [48], X. Hu et al. proposed a botnet detection system called RB-Seeker (Redirection Botnet Seeker). It is able to automatically detect botnets in any structure. RB-Seeker first gathers information about bots redirection activities (e.g., temporal and spatial features) from two subsystems. Then it utilizes the statistical methodology and DNS query probing technique to distinguish the malicious domain from legitimate ones. Experiment result shows that RB-Seeker is an efficient tool to detect both “aggressive†and “stealthy†botnets.

 

5. Strong Cryptography

5.1Tamper-proof command and update scheme

A vital aspect of botnet administration is the authenticity and integrity of commands. A bot should only accept commands issued by the botmaster. In current botnets, the botmasters commonly use only a very weak form of authenticity, eg., by using a simple password scheme before sending the actual command. Even if the botnets use stronger authentication schemes, these can typically be broken, eg., Storm Worm uses a 64 bit RSA implementation which can be defeated. In centralized IRC botnets, this lack of authenticity could for example be overcome by patching the IRC server used for command distribution in such a way that only the botmaster can send messages in the designated channel. However, when dealing with a decentralized network of equal peers, a botmaster needs to ensure that no hostile parties like defenders or other botnet groups can poison the botnet by injecting malicious commands.

Asymmetric cryptography offers a simple, yet effective way to do this: before releasing a bot in the wild, the botmaster creates a public/private pair of cryptographic keys of which the former one is hardcoded into the bot’s binary. Doing so enables the botmaster to securely sign any commands or  files  using his private key. All peers in the botnet are able to verify the commands employing the hardcoded public key, but given a reasonable key length(eg.2048 bits for RSA), no defender will manage to forge the signature.

5.2Rent a botnet

With the help of asymmetric cryptography, a botmaster  can take on the role of a trusted certificate authority, which provides an efficient way to rent the botnet to  others in parts or as a whole, for a variable amount of time, and for certain purposes.To protect against malicious lessees, it is advisable to  implement a blacklist containing all invalidated public keys.This blacklist is saved on each bot’s computer and only the botmaster may add or remove public keys using his private key to sign the order. Thus, all certificates which belong to an attacker can be revoked.

However, such a blacklist is of little use against attacks which require only a short timeframe to be carried out successfully. For example, a malicious lessee could buy a botnet certificate for spam distribution and misuse it by ordering all bots to send an e-mail to a specified address, thereby revealing their IP address or other sensitive data. In effect, an attacker could conveniently obtain valuable information about a botnet’s size as well as its overall structure. Therefore , renting a botnet should be considered as an option which has to be used with caution by a botmaster.

6. PREVENTIVE MEASURES

Only need a couple of hours for conventional worms to circle the globe since released from a single host. If worms using botnet appear from multiple hosts simultaneously, they are able to infect the majority of vulnerable hosts worldwide in minutes [7]. Some botnets have been discussed in previous sections. Nevertheless, there still plenty of them are unknown to us. How to minimize the risk caused by botnets in the future is the topic we discussed in this section.

6.1 Countermeasures on Botnet Attacks

Unfortunately, few solutions exist for a host to against a botnet DoS attack so far [3]. Albeit it is hard to find the patterns of malicious hosts, network administrators can still identify botnet attacks based on passive operating system fingerprinting extracted from the latest firewall equipment [3]. The lifecycle of botnet tell us, bots often utilize free DNS hosting services to redirect a subdomain to an inaccessible IP address. Thus, removing those services may take down such a botnet [3]. At present, many security companies focus on offerings to stop botnets [3]. Some of them protect consumers, whereas most others are designed for ISPs or enterprises [3]. The individual products try to identify bot behavior by anti-virus software. The enterprise products have nothing better solutions than nullrouting DNS entries or shutting down the IRC and other main servers after a botnet attack  identified [3].

6.2 Countermeasures for Public

Personal or corporation security inevitably depends on the communication partners [7]. Building a good relationship with those partners is essential. Firstly, one should continuously request the service supplier for security packages, such as firewall, anti-virus tool-kit, intrusion detection utility etc. [7]. Once something goes wrong, there should be a corresponding contact number to call [7]. Secondly, one should also pay much attention on network traffic and report to ISP if attacked by DDoS attack. ISP can help blocking those malicious IP addresses [7]. Thirdly, one is better to establish accountability on its system, together with a law enforcement authority [7]. More specifically, scholars and industries have proposed some strategies for both home users and system administrators, to prevent, detect and respond botnet attacks [16, 18]. Here we summarize their suggestions.

6.2.1 Home Users

TABLE II: RULES OF PREVENTION BY HOME USERS [18]

Type

 

Strategies

Personal  Habits

 

Attention while downloading

Avoid to install useless things

Read carefully before you click

Routine

Use anti-virus/trojan utilities

Update system frequently

Shutdown PC when you leave

Optional Operations

Back-up all systems regularly

Keep all software up-to-date

Deploy personal firewall

 

6.2.2 System Administrator

In the same way, there are correspond rules for system administrator to prevent, detect, and respond botnet attacks [16, 18]. As the prevention methods, administrator should follow vendor guidelines for updating the system and applications [18]. Also, keep informed of latest vulnerabilities and use access control and log files to achieve accountability [18]. As illustrated in Table III, these can help the system administrator to minimize the possibilities of botnets attacking.

 TABLE III: RULES OF DETECTION BY SYSTEM ADMINISTRATORS [18]

Rules

 

Notes

Regular monitor logs

Analyze the internet traffic for anomalies

Use network packet sniffer

Identify the malicious traffic in intranet

Isolate the malicious subnet

Verify IRC activity on host

Scan individual machine

They may contain malware

Once an attack is detected, system administrator should isolate those compromised hosts and notice the home users [16]. Then preserve the data on those infected hosts including the log files [16]. Besides, identify the number of victims via sniffer tools [16]. Finally, report the infection to security consultant [16].

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE CHALLENGES

To better understand the botnet and stop its attack eventually, we provide a botnet survey on existing researches. The content of discussion involves botnet formation and exploitation, and two typical topologies.

According to the discussion in Section 2, we have several ideas on different topologies. For IRC-based botnet issues, the thorny problem is that we can not get the source code of most of bots. Hence, depth analysis at networking level and system level for bots’ behaviors are hardly carried on. For P2P-based botnet issues, following practical challenges should be further considered: (1) maintaining the rest of bots after some have been taken down by defenders; (2) hiding the botnet topology while some bots are captured by defenders; (3) managing the botnet more easily; (4) changing the traffic patterns more often and make it harder for detection.

 As we can see, detecting and tracking compromised host in botnet will continue to be a challenging task. Traffic fingerprinting is useful for identifying botnet. Nevertheless, just like previous signature technologies discussed in Section 3, its drawbacks are obvious. We need an up-to-date knowledge base for all released bots in the world, which seems to be an impossible mission. Anomaly detection is another feasible approach. However, when infected hosts do not behave as unusual, it may be unable to detect  such a potential threat. Since current detecting technology depends on the happened attacking event, no guarantee for us to find every possible compromised hosts. One interesting issue about anomaly detection is the time efficiency. If an attack is occurs and we can capture the anomaly at first place and fix the relevant problems before it is used for malicious purposes, we say this anomaly detection is time efficient. We need focus on its time efficiency in the future work.

 In wireless context, especially for ad hoc network, we still have not got related research on both attacking and defending so far. There are lots of open issues: (1) How to find the shortest routing to attack target; (2) How to prevent the compromised hosts fromdetecting in the wireless network; (3) How to propagate the bots in the wireless network, especially before some compromised hosts off line.

 There are also some other interesting open issues need to be considered. To the best of our knowledge, by now, we cannot avoid DDoS attack derived from botnets. Even the attacking has been detected, no effective way to trace back and fight against it. Instead, we just simply shut down the compromised hosts or disconnect with the network, waiting for further command such as scanning virus or formatting the operating system. As the matter of fact, what we need indeed is avoiding bots propagating in the first step. Perhaps the only effective approach to eliminate botnets is deploying new protocols on routers worldwide. It is really a huge and beyond reality project. Then, why not consider installing it on a local gateway? Imagining, if the gateway could block the communication of bots between several domains, the attacker would not easily manage the compromised hosts worldwide. At the meantime, the gateway might give our information as to where the malicious command came from. Based on the plenty of evidences over network, it would be possible tracing back the initial attack. Nevertheless, it is very difficult to implement such an idea due to the following reasons: (1) It is hard to distinguish the malicious packets from the traffic flow; (2) Cooperating among domains is not very easy, and should consider the situation that some gateways are compromised; (3) How to trace the potential attack and who should be noticed for further analysis need to be studied.

REFERENCES

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Australasian workshops on Grid computing and e-research, Hobart, Australia, pp. 193-202, Jan., 2006.

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[44] R. Villamarin-Salomon and J. C. Brustoloni, “Identifying botnets using anomaly detection techniques applied to DNS traffic,†in Proceedings of the 5th IEEE

Consumer Communications and Networking Conference, Las Vegas, USA, pp. 476-481, Jan., 2008.

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Pervasive Computing, Washington, DC, USA, pp 303-306, Oct., 2007.

[46] C. Langin, H. Zhou, and S. Rahimi, “A model to use denied internet traffic to indirectly discover internal network security problems,†draft, submitted to WIDA08.

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Symposium (NDSS’09), Feb., 2009.

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Conference (CCNC 2009), pp. 1-2, Jan., 2009.

 

google adsense integration

Make Money Online With Google Adsense

You have probably heard a lot about Google Adsense but you may not know what it is. Well, one thing for sure, it’s one of the hottest way to make money online if you own a website. You can add Google Adsense to your blog.

Google Adsense is a fast and absolutely easy way for people with websites of all types and sizes to put up and display relevant ads on the content pages of their sites and make money online.

Because Google adsense ads relates to what your visitors came to your site to read about, or because the ads match up to the interest and the characteristics to the kind of people your content attracts, you now have a way to improve your content pages and make money online off them.

So what type of ads do you have to put? That’s the good part, you don’t have to decide. Google does it for you. Adsense always delivers relevant ads that are precisely targeted, on a page by page basis to the content that people find on your site. For example, if you have a page that tells the story of your pet fish, Google will send you ads for that site that are for pet stores, fish food, fish bowls, aquariums … you get the picture.

If you decide you want to add a Google search box to your site, then Adsense will deliver relevant ads targeted to the Google search results that your visitors’ search request generated.

What can Google Adsense do for you? In three words, make money online. More relevant pages on your ads translate into more clicks and make more money online for you. Because when users click on an ad, Google pay you.

It is important that you create ads that really integrate into the design of you website seamlessly. Take off borders and create the background color the same as the background color of the particular webpage.

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RSS Feeds feed your website with fresh content

First let’s understand what RSS is which “Rich Site Summary” is, it can be also known as “Really Simple Syndication”. This is a fairly recent development within the Web Marketing business it can be used as a method of promoting your website and generating the all important traffic required to make your online business a success.

This is how it works a brief summary. A website owner wants to share his content to other websites. The website owner places the content in an RSS document and registers this with a website that provides RSS Feeds.

The content can be anything including articles, blog posts, headlines and general web content that the originator wishes to share across the web.

Because it is easy to do distribute content quickly in this manner you can generate unique web traffic which can assist your online business. The key elements in successful RSS usage are in marketing is to make your RSS feed unique, exciting it must grab the attention of the reader it also should be something that someone would pass onto others.

By creating exciting content RSS feeds it is possible to generate tremendous amounts of traffic. Exciting content is what people thrive on. Everyone loves the latest gossip or technology the latest gadgets reviews can be a very useful in generating good traffic.

You must consider the content of your RSS feeds carefully as this can be the most important element in terms of traffic generation. Put yourself in the person who may read this article or content and find the best clear presentation of your information.

If you write a large article consider splitting it into parts as people like small chunks of information the magic is to create good content of around 500 to 600 words is the target to go for if you have written something of 1500 words then people’s attention span tends to drop off.

The main aim is to deliver your link to your website or the product that you are promoting if the article is too long then you will find that the reader has turned off and does not click on the vital link.

One of the marketing methods recently used is to add blog comments the problem with this now is you have to post good comments and that they are still subjected to spam filter which is good and bad. If you’re comment is regarded as spam you can find your website banned.

Some of the larger search engines are experimenting with blog spam protection and can easily capture you’re site as one of them also it can be used as a malicious weapon in terms of spamming your rival site to get them knocked out of the search engine.

The next few months will see many changes in the world of RSS feeds and blog comments so it’s tricky time. The world of internet marketing is a constant flux of tactics some considered legal some not it’s not easy to get the best current advice on what is acceptable.

By placement of good RSS feeds and keeping an eye on the content you are receiving will be the best defence against being a targeted by search engine spiders that are looking for duplicate content and spammed blog comments.

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When Affiliate Programs Met Google Adsense

Are you a webmaster who needs funds to keep your website running? Or is your website the only way for you to earn income? Whichever you are, for as long as you are a webmaster or a web publisher and you need cash, affiliate marketing may work well for you. With affiliate marketing, you may get a lot of cash pouring into your bank account easily. And if your website is rich in great contents and you want to earn more profit, why not get into the Google Adsense program as well?

Why Affiliate Marketing?

Well, simply because affiliate marketing is the easiest and probably the best way to earn profits online, unless otherwise you are a businessman and would rather sell your own products online than advertise other businessman’s products on your site. But even online retailers can benefit from affiliate marketing programs, because affiliate marketing actually works for merchants as well as it works for the affiliates.

Affiliate marketing, simply said, is a relationship or agreement made between two websites, with one site being the merchant’s website and the other being the affiliate’s site. In the relationship, the affiliate agrees to let the merchant advertise his products on the affiliate’s site. The merchant, on the other hand, would agree to pay the affiliate in whatever method they have agreed into. This would generally mean easy income for the affiliate, as he would do nothing but place the retailer’s ad on his site. This would also be very beneficial for the merchant, as getting affiliates to advertise their products would be a lot more affordable than hiring an advertising firm to promote their products.

There are a variety of methods on how the merchant would compensate the affiliate for his services, and for the webmaster, these methods simply translates to the method by which he would earn easy cash. Among the more common methods of compensation are the pay-per-click method, the pay-per-lead method, and the pay-per-sale method. The pay-per-click method is the method most preferred by affiliates, for their site’s visitor would only have to visit the advertiser’s site for them to gain money. The other two methods, on the other hand, are better preferred by merchants, as they would only have to compensate you if your visitor becomes one of their registrants or if the visitor would actually buy their products.

Getting much profit on affiliate marketing programs, however, does not depend so much on the compensation method is it does on the traffic generated by your site. A website that can attract more visitors would generally have the greater chance of profiting in affiliate marketing programs.

What about Google Adsense?

Google Adsense is actually some sort of an affiliate marketing program. In Google Adsense, Google act as the intermediary between the affiliates and the merchants. The merchant, or the advertiser, would simply sign up with Google and provide the latter with text ads pertaining to their products. These ads, which is actually a link to the advertisers’ website, would then appear on Google searches as well as on the websites owned by the affiliates, or by those webmasters who have signed up with the Google Adsense program.

While one can find a lot of similarities between Google Adsense and other affiliate marketing programs, you can also see a lot of differences. In Google Adsense, all the webmaster has to do is place a code on his website and Google takes care of the rest. The ads that Google would place on your site would generally be relevant to the content of your site. This would be advantageous both for you and for the advertiser, as the visitors of your site would more or less be actually interested with the products being advertised.

The Google Adsense program compensates the affiliate in a pay-per-click basis. The advertisers would pay Google a certain amount each time their ad on your site is clicked and Google would then forward this amount to you through checks, although only after Google have deducted their share of the amount. Google Adsense checks are usually delivered monthly. Also, the Google Adsense program provides webmasters with a tracking tool that allows you to monitor the earnings you actually get from a certain ad.

So, where do all of these lead us to?

Where else but to profits, profits and even more profits! Affiliate marketing programs and the Google Adsense program simply work, whether you are the merchant or the affiliate. For the merchant’s side, a lot of money can be saved if advertising effort is concentrated on affiliate marketing rather than on dealing with advertising firms. For the webmaster, you can easily gain a lot of profits just by doing what you do best, and that is by creating websites. And if you combine all your profits from both the Google Adsense program and other affiliate marketing programs, it would surely convert to a large amount of cash.

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google adsense facebook apps

Make Money With Your Blog

Someone asked on LinkedIn: “If I wanted to have a successful blog that potentially made money, what would I do?”

First thing’s first, after figuring out what it is you’re going to write about and designing the blog and hosting it somewhere (I would suggest purchasing a keyword-rich domain name rather than hosting it free on Blogger or some other blog site), the most valuable thing you can do is add buttons and links to your blog to allow users to subscribe to it in as many different ways as possible. Some people use services like Bloglines, some people use an RSS app, some people use Firefox live bookmarks, but not all of these people are savvy enough to know how to subscribe to a blog without a specific sub-to-this-blog link for their preferred RSS reader. A great resource to help you make these different links is Feedburner.com. Feedburner also allows you to design email signatures with animated headlines from your blog, and many other different ways to publicize and monetize your blog. Plus, it lets you watch the traffic and subscription trends for your blog’s feed.

Next, you want to research keywords to find a keyword that relates to your subject matter that people actually search for, so that if you find yourself in the top ten rankings on Google for said keyword, you will actually get traffic from it. An awesome tool to help you figure this out is Wordtracker GTrends which is here: http://freekeywords.wordtracker.com/gtrends/

Once you find your keyword or key phrase, you want to make sure your blog’s code is search engine friendly. You want to make sure your meta tags are within search engine guidelines, that your keyword density is appropriate for your subject matter, and that all of your titles have your keyword or key phrase in it. A good way to get a head start on this is to have your blog’s backend hosted by Blogger, while the blog itself is published on your own domain. I say this because Google owns blogger and as such, the new version of blogger features extremely Google-friendly code.

After this, you need to get some links pointing to your site from good, Google recognized sites that relate to your subject matter. The best way to do this is to search on Google for your keywords or key phrase and ask the top ten ranking web sites to link to your blog. You may have to be creative about this, using what we like to call link bait. This can be anything that entices another web site owner to link to your site. Because your site will be new and most top ten ranking sites know a thing or two about search engine optimization, you probably won’t be able to just get a link exchange – no one wants to link to a brand new blog for two reasons, one is that new bloggers have a tendency to lose interest after a while and you find yourself linking to a blog that never gets updated, and two is because the site has no Google PageRank. If you offer your potential linkers something else, you may have more success. For example, I once ran a campaign for a client that swapped links for a discount on my client’s products. Whatever it is you swap for a link is up to you, be creative.

You want to add your web site to blog directories and blog resources such as Technorati. If you haven’t spent literally a week straight doing this, you haven’t found nearly all of them. There are so many! Your best bet is to search Google for a list of blog directories.

Ask your friends or colleagues to Digg each of your blog posts using digg.com

Add links to the bottom of every post that will allow readers to add to delicious, post to facebook, myspace, stumble upon, etc. Use as much 2.0 power as you possibly can. Get a Twitter account and tweet as much as you can, follow as many users as you can. Make sure every profile you’ve ever made for yourself or your business on any site, has a link to your blog. Make sure your blog address is everywhere, when you comment on others’ blogs, when you talk in forums, etc.

You want to make sure you have an advertising policy available on your web site for potential advertisers to read, and as many different ways for them to contact you.

When all of this is set up and ready, it’s time to send out a Press Release. Make sure it is enticing and boldly underlines how this blog is different and why people will want to read it. Submit your press release to as many press release distributors as possible. Again, just search on Google and you’ll find a ton. Some cost money, some are free.

Now it’s time to post. Make sure your posts have personality. No one wants to read a dry technical blog. You want to make sure your own personality comes out in each and every post. Also, the more controversy, the better. A controversial post will entice readers to send the link to their friends and family in either horror or pride – both are equally as good! It will also encourage comments and repeat visits when something heated has been posted to the comments and the poster wants to come back to check the responses. It will also encourage repeat commenters and some will be compelled to subscribe to your blog. Make it controversial enough and you may even hit the mainstream news, such as Michelle Malkin did recently when she objected to the scarf Rachael Ray was wearing in a Dunkin’ Donuts ad.

Submit all of your article length posts to article databases utilizing the author’s bio as a spot for a link back to your blog. Hopefully people will syndicate these on their own sites keeping the bio in tact and thus, creating more links to your blog.

Some people use traffic exchanges such as BlogExplosion or Blog Soldiers and while it does actually increase your traffic, most of that traffic is useless. The only one I have ever found that actually results in real readers, is BlogExplosion.com. These sites are not entirely useless, however, as they do have directories that your blog is submitted to when you join. And there are no obligations after joining, so I would suggest doing so just to get into the directories as they are even more links to your blog.

Make sure you blog regularly, but not too much. Many people subscribe to RSS feeds as a much faster way to get their daily reading in. Blogs with a lot of daily headlines, generally get skimmed and sometimes just deleted when there’s no time. But blogs that only have a post a week, can tend to be forgotten about. My suggestion is to keep it to once daily, and at the very least, 3 or 4 times per week. If you are going to be unable to post for a period of time, vacation or something, post and let your readers know so that they don’t think it’s just another blog gone stale.

In the meantime, add Google Adsense to your blog, perhaps Amazon a-store and any high-quality affiliate programs that can relate to your blog’s subject matter.

If you keep all of this up, you will have advertising revenue. The key though, is patience. Keep at it and don’t get discouraged. Publicizing any web site can take months upon months before you see results. But once you do, it’s highly worth it. You may even want to design and sell your own merchandise for further revenue.

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How To Avoid Getting Your Adsense Account Terminated

Google, being the undisputable leader in search engines from then until now, is placing a high importance on the quality and relevancy of its search engines. Most especially now that the company is public property. In order to keep the shareholders and users of its engines happy, the quality of the returned results are given extreme importance.

For this same reason, doing the wrong things in the Adsense and other forms of advertisements, whether intentionally or unintentionally, will result in a severe penalty, may get you banned and even have your account terminated. Nothing like a good action taken to keep wrongdoers from doing the same things over again.

So for those who are thinking of getting a career in Adsense, do not just think of the strategies you will be using to generate more earnings. Consider some things first before you actually get involved.

Hidden texts. Filling your advertisement page with texts to small to read, has the same color as the background and using css for the sole purpose of loading them with rich keywords content and copy will earn you a penalty award that is given to those who are hiding links.

Page cloaking. There is a common practice of using browser or bot sniffers to serve the bots of a different page other than the page your visitors will see. Loading a page with a bot that a human user will never see is a definite no-no. This is tricking them to click on something that you want but they may not want to go to.

Multiple submissions. Submitting multiple copies of your domain and pages is another thing to stay away from. For example, trying to submit a URL of an Adsense as two separate URL’s is the same as inviting trouble and even termination. Likewise, this is a reason to avoid auto submitters for those who are receiving submissions. Better check first if your domain is submitted already an a certain search engine before you try to submit to it again. If you see it there, then move on. No point contemplating whether to try and submit there again.

Link farms. Be wary of who and what are you linking your Adsense to. The search engines know that you cannot control your links in. But you can certainly control what you link to. Link farming has always been a rotten apple in the eyes of search engines, especially Google. That is reason enough to try and avoid them. Having a link higher than 100 on a single page will classify you as a link farm so try and not to make them higher than that.

Page rank for sale. If you have been online for quite some time, you will notice that there are some sites selling their PR links or trading them with other sites. If you are doing this, expect a ban anytime in the future. It is okay to sell ads or gain the link. But doing it on direct advertisement of your page rank is a way to get on search engines bad side.

Doorways. This is similar to cloaking pages. The common practice of a page loaded with choice keyword ads aimed at redirecting visitors to another “user-friendly” page is a big issue among search engines. There are many seo firms offering this kind of services. Now that you know what they actually are, try to avoid them at all costs.

Multiple domains having the same content. In case you are not aware of it, search engines look at domains IP’s, registry dates and many others. Having multiple domains having the same exact content is not something you can hide from them. The same goes with content multiplied many times on separate pages, sub domains and forwarding multiple domains to the same content.

Many of the above techniques apply to most search engines and is not entirely for Google only. By having a mind set that you are building your Adsense together with your pages for the human users and not for bots, you can be assured of the great things for your ads and sites.

Not to mention avoiding the wrath of the search engines and getting your Adsense and site account terminated altogether.

adwords torrent

How to Make Money Using Torrents

Torrents are used for sharing files over the internet.  Through various torrent programs people can find the things that there looking for. And you can make money for giving it to them. All you have to do is connect with a Pay Per Install merchant and start uploading files.  You will be paid for every download that your files receive no matter where or who there downloaded from.  So all you have to do is keep your computer running longing enough to get your files downloaded and you can earn money.

Using torrents to make money is one of the easiest ways to make money online but it’s often overlooked because it requires a little bit of technical knowledge and a lot of internet marketers for some reason don’t believe that regular internet users can figure it out even though it’s very simple to day.  Most people are up and running in a matter of hours.

The only promotion that you have to do to earn money using Pay Per Install is upload your files to file directories of place then in your favorite p2p program share folder and the rest of the promotion is done for you when people search for the files.  So you don’t have to spend any money on adwords or fancy banners or anything of that sort.  You just set up your files and relax.

You will need a computer and a normal internet connection that can perform at medium speeds.  Your internet connection doesn’t have to be the fastest in the world but you should at least be operation on something faster then dial-up if you want to make serious money using torrents.

To learn how you can make money using torrents visit – http://www.seegarsproducts.com/payperinstallrevealed

Crysis 2 [GamePlay] + Demo Torrent (xBox 360, PS3, PC)

adsense login page

i cannot access my new adsense account.when i login my login page stops and it came back to login page?

maybe your account was banned. Verify your email to see if you receive email from Google AdSense.

More about adsense optimization , tricks and tips here http://adsense-tricks.us

php adsense clone

Just Started Blogging There are a Few Steps You Should Take

So I’ll discuss a little about the wordpress platform, themes, recommended plugins and some tips.

If you have just started blogging, there are a few steps you should take.

1. Activate the akismet plugin. This plugin comes preinstalled with wordpress but you have to activate it and get a wordpress key (which takes 2 minutes). Akismet blocks spam comments on your blog, so if you choose to enable comments on your posts (which you should) then this plugin is a must, and best of all it’s a set and forget.
2. Choose a theme. You could use the default theme, but it’s way overused. The ideal is to choose a theme that is very user friendly, with good link visibility, nice color contrast, and a nice and attractive layout. If you know how to design a theme or can change a free theme to your liking, then you should do so, unique content and layout designs are always a better choice than free themes that are probably used by hundreds or more. A good place to get themes is the WordPress Theme Directory. Another one is searching google for “free wordpress themes”
3. Decide on a permalink structure, permalinks are the actual links to your blog posts, and wordpress gives you a lot of flexibility here. For maximum SEO performance, you should simply choose “yourdomain.com/blog-post-title” but this really comes down to personal preference as I personally don’t think it makes that much of a difference, so you might prefer “yourdomain.com/year/month/blog-post-title” that is also search engine (and user) friendly. Whatever you choose, do activate the permalink feature because otherwise you’ll have those ugly query strings all over your urls.
4. Download and install the Google XML Sitemaps Generator Plugin. This plugin takes care of updating and submitting your sitemap to Google and other search engines. This allows search engine to know more about the structure of your website.
5. Download and install the All In One SEO Pack Plugin. This plugin optimizes your blogs output for search engine optimization. Optimizes keywords, page titles and more.
6. Install the Share This plugin or a similar social bookmarking plugin. This should go right after your posts along with a reminder letting visitors know they can subscribe to your feed. This way visitors have some options when they finish reading your posts. If they like your post, they will be able to quickly submit it to whatever social bookmarking sites they use or e-mail to a friend.
7. Create an About page. You should use this page to introduce yourself to the visitors, your background, your work, what you do and like and what people should expect from your blog. This gives your blog a personal touch that helps visitors to identify you as an actual human behind the blog. Also consider placing one or several pictures of yourself on the about page (or on a photos page if you prefer) as this also greatly increases the human awareness of the visitor.
8. Create a Contact page. You can simply put up a page with e-mail instructions or use a contact me plugin like Secure and Accessible PHP Contact Form. This gives confidence to the visitor that he can reach you if he so chooses and, like the about page, gives the human touch.
9. Create an account on FeedBurner for your blog and give your visitors a visible option to subscribe to your blog by RSS and by e-mail (FeedBurner takes good care of all this). This allows users to use an rss reader or just get your posts by e-mail. Most visitors never return so you should make it easy and worthwhile for them to subscribe to your blog and receive future updates.

Well, those are 9 of the things that I think are most common and needed, but I could go on, you should familiarize yourself as much as possible with wordpress (or your other blogging platform of choice), try out new plugins and optimize your theme. It’s a work in progress, but you shouldn’t let that get in the way of your posting.

You could consider setting up a password protected subdomain and creating a clone blog for testing (or install it on your own computer) because once you start getting traffic you shouldn’t go trying new things on your live site where things could break giving your visitors a bad surfing experience. A clone blog is obviously just a blog installation that matches your actual site with the same theme, same plugins and a few dummy posts so you can do your testing.

Once you get your blog ready to go, all that’s left to do is start posting! You should make a nice first post, introducing yourself briefly and letting the reader know that you have an About page with more details. You should give some idea of what visitors can expect from your blog posts.

Now for some quick blogging tips:

1. Make constant posts. You should try your best to do about 3 posts per week minimum. This all depends on your ability to express yourself with words. If you’re good at it, then post as much as you can, daily or even bidaily. If you’re not, well, then try to make at least 3 posts per week.
2. Use post titles wisely. Your post title is very important as it’s the part that will be most visible to the web. Create informative titles, for more details visit to www.your-own-blog.com the words you choose here will eventually make your site rank on google for some or all of those same keywords.
3. Make medium to long posts. Not saying that you can’t do small blog posts, you can and should, but you should try your best to create full length and keyword rich posts. Write your best and biggest posts as if the were articles with a small intro, content and conclusion.
4. Post about other blogs. Read blogs about the same topic than yours and link to them and do your own spin on the post, agree, for more details visit to www.blog-and-ping.com disagree, whatever. Basically try to engage in friendly debates with other bloggers.
5. Leave them wanting for more. End your posts with a small text about what you’ll be posting about next time. Be creative and suspenseful.
6. Proof read and spell check your post before publishing. Occasional typos are ok, but proof reading and using a spell checker should keep them to a minimum.
7. Have fun! You should be having fun blogging. If you’re just starting you can probably feel a little intimidated or sometimes don’t knowing what to post. But you shouldn’t stress to much about it, just take a break and post some other time. Blogging should be relaxing not stressful. Find inspiration around you.

Well and that’s it, there you have just some blogging tips to get you started. These are of course mostly geared to blogging beginners. You can do much more with blogs and use the blogging platform to create other type of niche sites and adsense sites but that is topic for a whole different article.